NACA23012
NACA23012
New! Bulk download of polars in Excel format: NACA23012.xlsx
Info | DAT and DXF files | Shape | Venkataraman Fit | Applications (573) | Similarly shaped airfoils
Plain Flapped Shapes: 25% flap chord | 30% flap chord | 35% flap chord | 40% flap chord
Basic Data: cl vs α | cd vs α | cm vs α | cl/cd vs α | cd vs cl | cl/cd vs cl | cl vs cd | cm vs cl | Curve fits | Lift curve slopes
Data source comparison (Codes, CFD, Wind tunnel)
Compressibility Effects: cl vs α | cd vs α | cm vs α | cl/cd vs α | cd vs cl | cl/cd vs cl | cl vs cd | cm vs cl
Roughness Effects: cl vs α | cd vs α | cm vs α | cl/cd vs α | cd vs cl | cl/cd vs cl | cl vs cd | cm vs cl
Plain Flap Effects: cl,max vs flap deflection: all flap chords | 25% flap chord | 30% flap chord | 35% flap chord | 40% flap chord
Plain Flap Effects: cl vs α for various flap deflections: 25% flap chord | 30% flap chord | 35% flap chord | 40% flap chord
Plain Flap Effects: cm vs α for various flap deflections: 25% flap chord | 30% flap chord | 35% flap chord | 40% flap chord
Plain Flap Effects: cd vs α for various flap deflections: 25% flap chord | 30% flap chord | 35% flap chord | 40% flap chord
Disclaimer: All information presented herein is delivered without guarantee or warranty of any kind. The user assumes the entire risk of use of this information.
Known applications:
Aero Boero 115 wing root
Aero Boero 115 wing tip
Aero Boero 150 wing root
Aero Boero 150 wing tip
Aero Boero 180 wing root
Aero Boero 180 wing tip
Aero Boero 210 wing root
Aero Boero 210 wing tip
Aero Boero 260 wing root
Aero Boero 260 wing tip
Aero Boero 95 wing root
Aero Boero 95 wing tip
Aero Commander 500 Shrike wing root
Aero Commander 500 Shrike wing tip
Aero Commander 520 Shrike wing root
Aero Commander 520 Shrike wing tip
Aero Commander 580 Shrike wing root
Aero Commander 580 Shrike wing tip
Aero Commander 600 Shrike wing root
Aero Commander 600 Shrike wing tip
Aero Commander 680 Shrike wing root
Aero Commander 680 Shrike wing tip
Aero Commander 720 Shrike wing root
Aero Commander 720 Shrike wing tip
Aero Ever R-17 wing root
Aero Ever R-17b wing root
Aero Visions Celebrity wing root
Aero Visions Celebrity wing tip
Aerosport Scamp wing root
Aerosport Scamp wing tip
Afco RL.3 Monsoon wing root
Afco RL.3 Monsoon wing tip
Agricopteros Scamp Model B wing root
Agricopteros Scamp Model B wing tip
Air Metal AM-C 111 wing tip
Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-18 wing tip
Alpavia RF2 Avion-Planeur wing tip
Alpavia RF3 Avion-Planeur wing tip
Arctic S1B2 Arctic Tern wing root
Arctic S1B2 Arctic Tern wing tip
Armstrong Whitworth AW.650 Argosy wing tip
Astec Eagle wing tip
Auster AOP 9 wing root
Auster AOP 9 wing tip
Auster B.8 Agricola wing tip
Auster J1B wing root
Auster J1B wing tip
Auster J5 wing root
Auster J5 wing tip
Auster J/1U Workmaster wing root
Auster J/1U Workmaster wing tip
Aviasud AE 206 Mistral wing root
Aviasud AE 206 Mistral wing tip
Aviation Traders 98 Carvair wing tip
Avro 679 Manchester wing tip
Avro 683 Lancaster wing tip
Avro 685 York wing tip
Avro 691 Lancastrian wing tip
Avro 694 Lincoln wing tip
Avro 696 Shackleton wing tip
Avro C.102 Jetliner wing tip
Barkley-Grow T8P-1 wing root
Barkley-Grow T8P-1 wing tip
Beagle A.115 AOP Mk 11 wing root
Beagle A.115 AOP Mk 11 wing tip
Beagle A.61 Terrier wing root
Beagle A.61 Terrier wing tip
Beagle B.109 Airedale wing root
Beagle B.109 Airedale wing tip
Beagle D.5/160 Husky wing root
Beagle D.5/160 Husky wing tip
Beagle D.5/180 wing root
Beagle D.5/180 wing tip
Beech 100 King Air wing tip
Beech 18 C-45 Expeditor wing tip
Beech 1900 Airliner (C-12) wing tip
Beech 200 Super King Air (C-12) wing tip
Beech 25 AT-10 Wichita wing tip
Beech 26 AT-10 Wichita wing tip
Beech 28 XA-38 Grizzly wing tip
Beech 300 Super King Air wing tip
Beech 33 Bonanza wing tip
Beech 34 Twin-Quad wing tip
Beech 35 Bonanza wing tip
Beech 350 Super King Air wing tip
Beech 36 Bonanza wing tip
Beech 45 T-34 Mentor wing tip
Beech 50 Twin Bonanza wing tip
Beech 60 Duke wing tip
Beech 65 Queen Air wing tip
Beech 70 Queen Air wing tip
Beech 73 Jet Mentor wing tip
Beech 80 Queen Air wing tip
Beech 85 Queen Air wing tip
Beech 88 Queen Air wing tip
Beech 90 King Air (C-6) wing tip
Beech 99 Airliner wing tip
Beech D17 Staggerwing wing root
Beech D17 Staggerwing wing tip
Beech D17S Staggerwing (C-43) wing root
Beech D17S Staggerwing (C-43) wing tip
Beech D17W Staggerwing wing root
Beech D17W Staggerwing wing tip
Beech E17 Staggerwing wing root
Beech E17 Staggerwing wing tip
Beech F17D Staggerwing wing root
Beech F17D Staggerwing wing tip
Beech G17S Staggerwing wing root
Beech G17S Staggerwing wing tip
Bell X-14 wing tip
Bert BF3 wing root
Bert BF3 wing tip
Besneux P.70B wing root
Besneux P.70B wing tip
Boillon Fulmo wing root
Boillon Fulmo wing tip
Boisavia 60 Mercurey wing root
Boisavia 60 Mercurey wing tip
Bolkow 207 wing tip
Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander wing root
Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander wing tip
Britten-Norman BN-2A Trislander wing root
Britten-Norman BN-2A Trislander wing tip
Britten-Norman BN-3 Nymph wing root
Britten-Norman BN-3 Nymph wing tip
Brugger MB-2 Colirbri 2 wing root
Brugger MB-2 Colirbri 2 wing tip
CallAir S-1B1 Super Cadet wing root
CallAir S-1B1 Super Cadet wing tip
Canadair CL-2 DC-4M North Star wing tip
Canadair CL-4 C-4 North Star wing tip
Canadair CL-5 C-5 North Star wing tip
Carma Weejet VT-1 wing root
Carma Weejet VT-1 wing tip
Cessna 208 Caravan (U-27) wing tip
Cessna 208B Grand Caravan wing tip
Cessna 303 Crusader wing tip
Cessna 406 wing tip
Cessna 440 wing tip
Cessna 500 Citation wing tip
Cessna 501 Citation I wing tip
Cessna 550 Citation Bravo wing tip
Cessna 550 Citation II wing tip
Cessna 550 Citation S/II wing tip
Cessna 551 Citation II wing tip
Cessna 551 Citation S/II SP wing tip
Cessna 560 Citation V Excel wing tip
Cessna 560 Citation V Ultra wing tip
Cessna JRC-1 wing tip
Cessna T-50 Bobcat (JRC, AT-17, UC-78, AT-8) wing tip
Cessna T-60 wing tip
Cholot DC-01 Rapace wing root
Chrislea CH.3 Super Ace wing root
Chrislea CH.3 Super Ace wing tip
Civil Aviation Dept Revathi Mk 1 wing tip
Cornelius XFG-1 wing tip
Coupe-Aviation JC-2 wing root
Coupe-Aviation JC-2 wing tip
CPCA DK-10 Dracula wing tip
CVV 1 Pinguino wing tip
CVV 3 Arcore wing tip
Dart Pup wing root
Dart Pup wing tip
DeHavilland TK-2 wing root
DeHavilland TK-2 wing tip
Douglas DC-4 (C-54, R5D) wing tip
Douglas DC-5 (R3D) wing tip
Douglas DC-6 (XC-112, C-118, R6D) wing tip
Douglas DC-7 wing tip
Druine 31 Turbulent wing root
Druine 31 Turbulent wing tip
Druine 5 Turbi wing root
Druine 5 Turbi wing tip
DTGL S.Ambrogio wing tip
Durand Mk V wing root
Durand Mk V wing tip
Durban Aeriel Mk.II wing root
Durban Aeriel Mk.II wing tip
Duruble RD-03 Edelweiss wing tip
EAA Super Acro-Sport wing root
EAA Super Acro-Sport wing tip
Embraer 110 Bandeirante wing tip
Embraer 120 Brasilia wing tip
Embraer 121 Xingu wing tip
Epervier Aviation Epervier wing root
Epervier Aviation Epervier wing tip
Eshelman EF.100 Winglet wing root
Eshelman EF.100 Winglet wing tip
Fairchild Canada F11-1 Husky wing root
Fairchild Canada F11-1 Husky wing tip
Falconar AMF-S14 wing root
Falconar AMF-S14 wing tip
Flaglor Scooter wing root
Flaglor Scooter wing tip
Flight Dynamics Flightsail VIII wing root
Flight Dynamics Flightsail VIII wing tip
FMA IA 31 Colibri wing root
FMA IA 31 Colibri wing tip
FMA IA 46 Ranquel wing root
FMA IA 46 Ranquel wing tip
FMA IA 51 Tehuelche wing root
FMA IA 51 Tehuelche wing tip
Fouga CM.8.R-13 Sylphe III wing tip
Found Bush Hawk XP wing tip
Found Centennial 100 wing tip
Fournier RF3 wing tip
Fournier RF4 wing tip
Fournier RF5 wing tip
Fournier RF7 wing tip
Fuji KM wing tip
Fuji KM-2 wing tip
Fuji LM-1 Nikko wing tip
Fuji LM-2 wing tip
Fuji TL-1 wing tip
Fuji T-3 wing tip
Fuji T-34A wing tip
Fuji T-5 wing tip
Ganzavia GAK-22 Dino wing tip
Gasne RG-3 Pas-si-Ch'ti wing root
Gasne RG-3 Pas-si-Ch'ti wing tip
Gatard Statoplan AG 01 Aloutte wing root
Gatard Statoplan AG 01 Aloutte wing tip
Gatard Statoplan AG 02 Poussin wing root
Gatard Statoplan AG 02 Poussin wing tip
Gatard Statoplan AG 05 Mesange wing root
Gatard Statoplan AG 05 Mesange wing tip
Gloster E.28/39 Pathfinder wing root
Gloster E.28/39 Pathfinder wing tip
Grumman G-46 XP-65 wing tip
Grumman G-51 F7F Tigercat wing tip
Grumman G-66 XTSF-1 wing tip
Grumman G-67 wing tip
Grumman G-70 XTB3F-1 wing tip
Grumman G-73 Mallard wing tip
Grumman G-82 AF-2 Guardian wing tip
Hamilton Westwind wing tip
Harlow PC-5A wing root
Harlow PC-5A wing tip
Harlow PJC-1 wing root
Harlow PJC-1 wing tip
Harlow PJC-2 wing root
Harlow PJC-2 wing tip
Hawker DeHavilland HDH-10 Enmoth wing root
Hawker DeHavilland HDH-10 Enmoth wing tip
Helio 250 Courier wing root
Helio 250 Courier wing tip
Helio 295 Super Courier (U-10) wing root
Helio 295 Super Courier (U-10) wing tip
Helio 395 Super Courier (U-10) wing root
Helio 395 Super Courier (U-10) wing tip
Helio 500 Twin wing root
Helio 500 Twin wing tip
Helio 550 Stallion (AU-24) wing root
Helio 550 Stallion (AU-24) wing tip
Helio 580 Twin Courier wing root
Helio 580 Twin Courier wing tip
Helio 634 wing root
Helio 634 wing tip
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd HJT-16 Kiran wing tip
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd HT-2 wing root
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd HT-2 wing tip
Hollandair HA-001 Libel wing root
Hollandair HA-001 Libel wing tip
Humbert Tetras wing root
Humbert Tetras wing tip
Iannotta I-66L San Francesco wing root
Iannotta I-66L San Francesco wing tip
ICA IAR-821 wing root
ICA IAR-821 wing tip
ICA IAR-823 wing root
ICA IAR-823 wing tip
ICA IS-11 wing tip
ICA IS-5 wing tip
Indraero Aero 20 wing root
Indraero Aero 20 wing tip
Indraero Aero 30 wing root
Indraero Aero 30 wing tip
Institue of Science & Technology XL-15 wing root
Interstate B-1A wing root
Interstate B-1A wing tip
Interstate S-1B (O-63, L-6) wing root
Interstate S-1B (O-63, L-6) wing tip
IPTN NU-200 Sikumbang wing root
IPTN NU-200 Sikumbang wing tip
Jannotta I-66 Fan Francesco wing root
Jannotta I-66 Fan Francesco wing tip
Jodel DR 1050 wing root
Jodel DR 1050 wing tip
Johansen CAJO 59 wing root
Johansen CAJO 59 wing tip
Jurca MJ.2 Tempete wing root
Jurca MJ.2 Tempete wing tip
Jurca MJ.20 Tempete wing root
Jurca MJ.20 Tempete wing tip
Jurca MJ.3H Dart wing root
Jurca MJ.3H Dart wing tip
Jurca MJ.4 wing root
Jurca MJ.4 wing tip
Jurca MJ.5 wing root
Jurca MJ.5 wing tip
Jurca MJ.6 Crivat wing root
Jurca MJ.6 Crivat wing tip
Jurca MJ.66 Crivat wing root
Jurca MJ.66 Crivat wing tip
Kaman Convertiplane wing tip
Kaman K-16B wing root
Kaman K-16B wing tip
Kolb Laser wing root
Kolb Laser wing tip
Lampich LS-16 wing root
Lampich LS-16 wing tip
Lanier Paraplane wing root
Lanier Paraplane wing tip
Lawhorn LA-3 wing root
Lawhorn LA-3 wing tip
Lefebvre MP.205 Busard wing root
Lefebvre MP.205 Busard wing tip
Legrand-Simon LS.50 Dauphine wing root
Legrand-Simon LS.50 Dauphine wing tip
Legrand-Simon LS.60 wing root
Legrand-Simon LS.60 wing tip
Lemberger LD 20b wing root
Lemberger LD 20b wing tip
Lobet-De-Rouvary Ganaobie 05 wing root
Lobet-De-Rouvary Ganaobie 05 wing tip
LWD Zuraw wing root
LWD Zuraw wing tip
MacFam SA 102.5 Cavalier wing tip
MacFam SA 103 Cavalier wing tip
MacFam SA 104 Cavalier wing tip
Maestranza Central HF XX-02 wing root
Maestranza Central HF XX-02 wing tip
Maranda BM1-A Super Loisir wing root
Maranda BM1-A Super Loisir wing tip
Maranda BM6 Lark wing root
Maranda BM6 Lark wing tip
Markwalder Marabu wing root
Martin 170 JRM-1 Mars wing tip
Max Holste 250 Super Broussard wing tip
Max Plan PF.204 wing root
Max Plan PF.204 wing tip
Mead Adventure wing tip
Merkel Mark II wing root
Merkel Mark II wing tip
Merville D.63 wing tip
MKEK 5 wing tip
Monocoupe Meteor wing tip
Moskalyev SAM-16 wing tip
Moskalyev SAM-18bis wing tip
Mudry CAP 10B wing root
Mudry CAP 10B wing tip
Mudry CAP 20 wing root
Mudry CAP 20 wing tip
Murphy Renegade II wing root
Murphy Renegade II wing tip
Murphy Renegade Spirit wing root
Murphy Renegade Spirit wing tip
Nord 260 Super Broussard wing tip
Nord 262 Fregate wing tip
Norman Aircraft 1 Firecracker wing root
Norman Aircraft 1 Firecracker wing tip
Norman Aircraft 6 Fieldmaster wing tip
Norman Aircraft Turbo-Firecracker wing root
Norman Aircraft Turbo-Firecracker wing tip
Northrop Falconer wing root
Northrop MQM-33 Shelduck wing root
Northrop MQM-36 wing root
Northrop MQM-57 wing root
Nunn PN2 wing root
Nunn PN2 wing tip
Olszewski-Obarewicz Aerosport wing root
Olszewski-Obarewicz Aerosport wing tip
Orlinski RO-7 Orlik wing root
Orlinski RO-7 Orlik wing tip
Osprey Pereira GP3 Osprey II wing root
Osprey Pereira GP3 Osprey II wing tip
Pacific Airmotive Tradewind wing tip
Panstwowe Zaklady Lotnicze PZL Mielec M-4 Tarpan wing tip
Panstwowe Zaklady Lotnicze PZL Mielec TS-8 Bies wing root
Panstwowe Zaklady Lotnicze PZL Mielec TS-8 Bies wing tip
Petlykakov Pe-2I wing root
Petlykakov Pe-2I wing tip
Petrolini El Boyero wing root
Petrolini El Boyero wing tip
Piel CP.1320 wing root
Piel CP.1320 wing tip
Piel CP.301 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.301 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.304 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.304 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.305 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.305 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.308 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.308 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.320 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.320 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.321 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.321 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.323 Emeraude wing root
Piel CP.323 Emeraude wing tip
Piel CP.60 Diamant wing root
Piel CP.60 Diamant wing tip
Piel CP.601 Diamant wing root
Piel CP.601 Diamant wing tip
Piel CP.602 Diamant wing root
Piel CP.602 Diamant wing tip
Piel CP.604 Super Diamant wing root
Piel CP.604 Super Diamant wing tip
Piel CP.605 Super Diamant wing root
Piel CP.605 Super Diamant wing tip
Piel CP.70 Beryl wing root
Piel CP.70 Beryl wing tip
Piel CP.750 Beryl wing root
Piel CP.750 Beryl wing tip
Piel CP.80 Zef wing root
Piel CP.80 Zef wing tip
Piel CP.90 Pinocchio wing root
Piel CP.90 Pinocchio wing tip
Pitts Model 14 wing root
Pitts Model 14 wing tip
PLAVIA Gurripato II wing tip
Pottier P.50 Bouvreuil wing tip
Prue 215 wing root
Rearwin Skyranger 175 wing root
Rearwin Skyranger 175 wing tip
Rearwin Skyranger 185 wing root
Rearwin Skyranger 185 wing tip
Reims F406 Caravan II wing tip
Rio Claro IPAI-28 Super Surubim wing tip
Robertson SRX-1 Skylark wing root
Robertson SRX-1 Skylark wing tip
Rockwell Commander 500 wing root
Rockwell Commander 500 wing tip
Rockwell Commander 690 wing root
Rockwell Commander 690 wing tip
Rockwell Commander 695 wing root
Rockwell Commander 695 wing tip
Rollason Beta wing root
Rollason Beta wing tip
Ryan SC-W145 wing root
Ryan SC-W145 wing tip
Salvay-Stark Skyhopper wing tip
San Jodel DR.1052 Excellence wing root
San Jodel DR.1052 Excellence wing tip
Sao Carlos IPAI-26 Tuca wing root
Sao Carlos IPAI-26 Tuca wing tip
Saturn Meteor II wing tip
Scheibe SF-23A Sperling wing root
Scheibe SF-23A Sperling wing tip
Schempp-Hirth Milan GS.6 wing root
Schempp-Hirth Milan GS.6 wing tip
Schweizer SGS 1-21 wing root
Scintex 1310 Super Emeraude wing root
Scintex 1310 Super Emeraude wing tip
Shavrov Sh-7 wing tip
Sikorsky XPBS wing root
Sikorsky XPBS wing tip
Skandinavisk Aero KZ III wing root
Skandinavisk Aero KZ III wing tip
Skandinavisk Aero KZ VII Lark wing root
Skandinavisk Aero KZ VII Lark wing tip
Speedtwin E2E Speedtwin wing root
Speedtwin E2E Speedtwin wing tip
Stark Sport-Aire II wing root
Stephens Akro wing root
Stephens Akro wing tip
Sukhoi Su-49 wing root
Sukhoi Su-49 wing tip
Swearingen Excalibur wing tip
Swearingen Merlin I wing tip
Swearingen Merlin II wing tip
Swearingen Queen Air 800 wing tip
Swearingen Taurus wing tip
SZD-4 Kania 2 wing root
SZD-4 Kania 2 wing tip
SZD-6 Nietoperetz wing root
SZD-6 Nietoperetz wing tip
Tachihi R-53 wing root
Tachihi R-53 wing tip
Tallmantz Phoenix wing tip
Taylor Kits/Vector Twin-T wing root
Taylor Kits/Vector Twin-T wing tip
Taylor Kits/Vector T-Craft wing root
Taylor Kits/Vector T-Craft wing tip
Taylor Rapid Transit wing root
Taylor Rapid Transit wing tip
Taylor Titch wing root
Taylor Titch wing tip
Taylorcraft 19 Sportsman wing root
Taylorcraft 19 Sportsman wing tip
Taylorcraft BC-12 wing root
Taylorcraft BC-12 wing tip
Taylorcraft BF-12 wing root
Taylorcraft BF-12 wing tip
Taylorcraft BL-12 wing root
Taylorcraft BL-12 wing tip
Taylorcraft DC-65 Tandem (O-57) wing root
Taylorcraft DC-65 Tandem (O-57) wing tip
Taylorcraft F-21 wing root
Taylorcraft F-21 wing tip
Taylorcraft F-22 wing root
Taylorcraft F-22 wing tip
Taylorcraft Model H wing root
Taylorcraft Model H wing tip
Taylorcraft TG-6 wing root
Taylorcraft TG-6 wing tip
Taylor-Young Model A wing root
Taylor-Young Model A wing tip
Thyregod H.T.1 wing root
Thyregod H.T.1 wing tip
Timm PT-160-K wing tip
Transavia PL-11 Airtruck wing root
Transavia PL-11 Airtruck wing tip
Transavia PL-12 Airtruk wing root
Transavia PL-12 Airtruk wing tip
Van's RV-3 wing root
Van's RV-3 wing tip
VL Pyry wing root
VL Pyry wing tip
VL Viima II wing root
VL Viima II wing tip
Walraven 4 wing root
WAR Replicas Fw 190 wing tip
WAR Replicas P-40 wing tip
WAR Replicas P-51 wing tip
Waterman W-11 Chevy Bird wing root
Waterman W-11 Chevy Bird wing tip
Western PGK-1 Hirondelle wing root
Western PGK-1 Hirondelle wing tip
Wideroe C.5 Polar wing root
Wideroe C.5 Polar wing tip
Wood DHR G-1 Chrysalis wing root
Wood DHR G-1 Chrysalis wing tip
AASI Jetcruzer main wing
Lockspeiser LDA-01 canard
Lockspeiser LDA-01 main wing
Stelux Trenzo main wing
Agusta A 109 blade root
Bell 30 (later blades) blade root
Bell 30 (later blades) blade tip
Kaman 1200 K-MAX blade root
Kaman 600 H-43 Huskie blade root
Kazan Mi-17 blade root
Kazan Mi-17 blade tip
MBB/Kawasaki BK 117 blade root
Mil Mi-14 blade root
Mil Mi-14 blade tip
Mil Mi-17 blade root
Mil Mi-17 blade tip
Mil Mi-171 blade root
Mil Mi-171 blade tip
Mil Mi-172 blade root
Mil Mi-172 blade tip
Mil Mi-18 blade root
Mil Mi-18 blade tip
Mil Mi-19 blade root
Mil Mi-19 blade tip
Mil Mi-24 blade root
Mil Mi-24 blade tip
Mil Mi-25 blade root
Mil Mi-25 blade tip
Mil Mi-35 blade root
Mil Mi-35 blade tip
Mil Mi-8 blade root
Mil Mi-8 blade tip
Mil Mi-9 blade root
Mil Mi-9 blade tip
Pitcairn PA-18 blade root
Pitcairn PA-18 blade tip
Pitcairn-Larsen PA-39 blade root
Pitcairn-Larsen PA-39 blade tip
Sobkow WS-4 Swierszcz blade root
Sobkow WS-4 Swierszcz blade tip